user space coordinate system: default user space: CropBox per page (visible area of output medium). x positive to the right. y positive upwards. Exception: Rotate entry in Page dict. unit: UserUnit or 1/72 inch in the Page dict. coordinate transformation transformation operator "cm". user space -> device space by CTM [graphics state]. text space: text space -> user space: text matrix 9.4.2 Text-Positioning Operators. glyph space: glyph space -> text space: font matrix or 1000 glyph space units=1 unit of text space. Font FontMatrix image space: for sampled images. image space -> user space: Fixed: image is 1 unit wide, 1 unit high in user space. form space: used by XObject. form space -> user space: form matrix. pattern space: ? pattern space -> user space: pattern matrix. translation: [1 0 0 1 tx ty] scaling: [sx 0 0 sy 0 0] rotation: [(cos q) (sin q) -(sin q) (cos q) 0 0] skew: [1 (tan a) (tan b) 1 0 0] [[a b 0] [c d 0] [e f 1]] point: [x y 1] [x' y' 1] = [x y 1]⋅M where x,y are the coordinates in the transformed system.